Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and inventor who was born in the historic Sicilian city of Syracuse. Even though nothing is known about his career, he is acknowledged as one of ancient antiquity's foremost philosophers. Archimedes, the largest mathematician in classical antiquity and one of the best in history, anticipated present calculus and evaluation by using the extremely tiny theory and the technique of depletion to derive and diligently demonstrate a wide range of simple geometric equations, such as the circumference of a circle, the size distribution and volume of a sphere, the area of an oval shape, the area under a parabola, and the volume of a section of a parabolic.

Deriving an estimate of pi, identifying and exploring the circle that now carries his identity, and creating a technique for representing extremely high numbers via exponentiation are among his other mathematical accomplishments. He also founded hydrostatics and statics and became one of the first to use mathematics to natural laws. In this field, Archimedes is credited for proving the theory of the lever, popularising the notion of balance of gravity, and formulating the rule of buoyancy. He's mainly known for inventing equipment like the screw pump, compound pulleys, and defensive battle devices to keep his hometown of Syracuse safe from assault.

Archimedes was slain by a Roman soldier during the siege of Syracuse, despite instructions that he must not be hurt. Cicero mentions seeing Archimedes' grave, which was topped with a spherical and a cylindrical, which Archimedes had ordered to commemorate his mathematical accomplishments.