Troubleshooting network connectivity issues can be a complex task, but following a set of common steps can help you identify and resolve the problem. Here are some effective steps to take when troubleshooting network connectivity issues:

1. Check Physical Connections:
  Ensure that all cables, including Ethernet cables, are securely plugged in. Verify that your modem, router, or access point is powered on and functioning correctly. If you're using Wi-Fi, make sure you're within range of the wireless network.

2. Restart Network Devices:
  Power off and unplug your modem, router, or access point. Wait for about 10 seconds, then plug them back in and turn them on. This process can help refresh the network connection and resolve minor issues.

3. Verify Network Adapter Settings:
  Check the network adapter settings on your computer or device. Make sure the correct network is selected, and the settings are configured appropriately. Ensure that the adapter is not disabled or in airplane mode if you're using wireless connectivity.

4. Restart Computer or Device:
  A simple restart can often resolve network connectivity issues caused by temporary glitches or conflicting settings. Restart your computer or device to refresh the system and reload network configurations.

5. Disable and Re-enable Network Adapter:
  In the network settings of your computer or device, disable the network adapter, wait for a few seconds, and then re-enable it. This action can reestablish the network connection and troubleshoot any minor issues.

6. Check Network Settings and Configuration:
  Verify the network settings on your computer or device, including IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS settings. Ensure that they are correctly configured. For Wi-Fi, double-check the SSID and password.

7. Reset Network Settings:
  If you're still experiencing issues, reset the network settings on your computer or device. This action will remove any custom configurations and revert to default settings. Remember to note down any custom settings before resetting.

8. Test with Different Devices:
  If possible, test the network connectivity with multiple devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or another computer. This step helps determine if the issue is specific to a particular device or affecting the entire network.

9. Update Network Drivers:
  Outdated or faulty network drivers can cause connectivity problems. Visit the manufacturer's website or use automatic driver update tools to download and install the latest drivers for your network adapter.

10. Scan for Malware:
   Malware infections can disrupt network connectivity. Run a thorough scan of your computer or device using reputable antivirus or anti-malware software. Remove any detected malware and restart the system.

11. Contact Internet Service Provider (ISP):
   If the issue persists and you've exhausted all troubleshooting steps, it may be necessary to contact your ISP. They can help diagnose network problems on their end, perform line tests, or provide further assistance.

Remember, network connectivity issues can be caused by a variety of factors, including hardware, software, or network infrastructure problems. If you're unsure about certain troubleshooting steps or the problem persists, seeking professional assistance from your ISP or a network technician is advisable.

By following these common steps, you can effectively troubleshoot network connectivity issues and restore a stable and reliable network connection.