• The TCP/IP concept, which is based on standard protocols, was designed and developed by the Department of Defense (DoD) in the 1960s. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the acronym for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is a simplified version of the OSI model. It has four layers, as opposed to the OSI model's seven.
• The lowest layer, the host-to-network layer, is concerned with the physical conveyance of data. TCP/IP does not define any protocol in particular, but it does support all of the common protocols.
• The Internet Layer establishes the mechanisms for logical data transmission over a network. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal protocol in this layer, and it is backed by the protocols ICMP, IGMP, RARP, and ARP.
• The Transport Layer is in charge of ensuring that data is delivered without errors from beginning to end. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are the protocols discussed here (UDP).
• The topmost layer, the application layer, defines the interface between host programmes and transport layer services. Telnet, DNS, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and other high-level protocols are included in this layer.

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