There are major and minor penalties in the context of Indian Railways, primarily focused on maintaining safety and operational efficiency. Here's an overview:

Major Penalties: 

1. Major Safety Violations: These are significant rule violations or safety breaches that can lead to major accidents or disruptions in railway operations. Examples include unauthorized entry into restricted areas, tampering with signaling equipment, or actions that endanger the safety of railway personnel or passengers. Major penalties for safety violations can result in suspension, termination, or legal action against the responsible parties.

2. Derailment or Collision: In the event of a train derailment, collision, or any incident that results in significant damage or loss of life, investigations are conducted to determine the causes and liabilities. Those found responsible for major operational failures or negligence may face legal consequences and heavy penalties.

Minor Penalties:

1. Trespassing on Railway Property: Trespassing on railway tracks or property is a common issue in India. It is considered a minor offense, but it poses significant safety risks. Penalties for trespassing can include fines, warnings, or community service.

2. Ticketless Travel: Traveling without a valid ticket or attempting to evade payment is a common minor offense on Indian Railways. Passengers caught without valid tickets may face fines, penalties, or even imprisonment, depending on the extent of the violation.

3. Smoking in Prohibited Areas: Smoking in restricted or prohibited areas of railway stations or trains is a minor offense. Penalties may include fines or warnings.

4. Unauthorized Vendors or Hawkers: Vendors or hawkers operating without the necessary permits or licenses on trains or railway platforms may face penalties, including fines and eviction.

5. Littering: Littering on railway platforms or inside trains is a minor offense. Passengers found littering may be fined or warned.

6. Misuse of Facilities: Misusing railway facilities or equipment, such as fire extinguishers or emergency alarms, can result in fines or penalties.

7. Traveling on the Rooftop of Trains: Riding on the roof of a train is not only extremely dangerous but also illegal. Those caught riding on train rooftops may face fines, penalties, or even legal action.

It's important to note that Indian Railways takes safety and rule compliance seriously. Penalties and fines are imposed to ensure the safety and well-being of passengers, railway personnel, and the smooth operation of the railway network. The severity of penalties can vary depending on the specific violation and its impact on safety and operations.