Cities of the
civilization were known for their urban planning, baked brick dwellings, extensive drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of huge non-residential structures, novel handicrafts (carnelian goods, seal carving), and metallurgical skills (copper, bronze, lead, and tin). The major towns of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa developed to include between 30,000 and 60,000 people, and the civilization itself may have numbered between one and five million people during its peak. Gradual drying of the region's soil during the third millennium BCE may have sparked the
civilization's urbanization, but weaker monsoons and limited water availability finally led to the civilization's downfall and population scattering eastward and southward.
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Harappa, the first of the Indus civilization's sites to be excavated early in the twentieth century in what was then the Punjab area of British India and is now
Pakistan, is known as the Harappan Civilisation. Harappa and, subsequently, Mohenjo-Daro were discovered as a consequence of work that began in 1861 with the formation of the Archaeological Survey of India during the British Raj. However, earlier and later civilizations were known as Early Harappan and Late Harappan coexisted in the same territory; as a consequence, the Harappan civilization is generally referred to as the Mature Harappan to distinguish it from these other societies.