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The Reserve Bank of India is pushing the offline capability of the Central Bank Digital Currency (e-Rupee) to ensure transactions can occur without active cellular coverage in rural areas. This uses feature phone hardware and secure proximity protocols like NFC or sound-wave technology.
Double-Spending Risks in Offline Protocols
Without centralized ledger confirmation at the exact moment of payment, managing local secure hardware enclaves to prevent double-spending remains a critical engineering problem.
- Token Replay: Securing local device storage against tampered state restoration.
- Reconciliation Sync: Resolving ledger conflicts once either device reconnects to the network.
Are local cryptographic hardware tokens safe enough against side-channel physical attacks on low-cost feature phones?
