What measures are being taken to address climate change?

Efforts to address climate change generally fall into two categories: cutting the greenhouse gas emissions that cause it, and preparing for impacts that are already happening or cannot now be avoided. Governments, businesses, communities and international organizations are working on both, though the pace and scale of action vary widely.

Cutting emissions

Many countries are expanding renewable electricity from sources such as wind and solar, while improving power grids and storing energy so electricity is available when the weather changes. Policies and investment also support electric vehicles, public transit, and building energy efficiency, including better insulation and more efficient heating and cooling.

Other measures target emissions from industry and agriculture. These include using low-carbon production methods, reducing methane leaks from energy systems, cutting food waste, and changing farming practices. Some governments use carbon pricing or emissions standards to encourage companies to reduce pollution. Forest protection and restoration can also store carbon, provided they complement rather than replace rapid cuts in fossil-fuel emissions.

Preparing for climate impacts

Adaptation efforts include improving flood defenses, managing water supplies during drought, restoring wetlands that buffer storms, and designing climate-resilient infrastructure. Cities may add shade and green space to reduce heat risks, while early-warning systems help communities prepare for extreme weather.

International agreements, including the Paris Agreement, give countries a framework for setting emissions targets and reporting progress. Funding is also directed toward clean energy and adaptation, particularly in lower-income countries facing high climate risks; this is often discussed as climate finance.

These measures are underway, but current action does not yet match the scale of the problem. Progress depends on turning targets into sustained emissions cuts, funding adaptation, and ensuring the benefits and costs are shared fairly.