A sounding rocket is a type of suborbital rocket designed to conduct scientific experiments and gather data about the Earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, and outer space. Unlike orbital rockets that reach higher altitudes and achieve orbit, sounding rockets are primarily used for short-duration flights to conduct specific research missions.

Sounding rockets are called "sounding" rockets because they "sound" or probe the atmosphere, providing valuable information about its various layers and characteristics. These rockets are typically smaller in size compared to orbital rockets and have a maximum altitude range of a few hundred kilometers.

The primary purpose of a sounding rocket is to carry scientific instruments and experiments to a specific altitude or into a particular region of interest. The payloads on board may include instruments to study atmospheric conditions, measure temperature and pressure, collect samples, study the effects of microgravity, observe celestial bodies, or conduct other scientific investigations.

The construction of a sounding rocket usually consists of multiple stages, similar to orbital rockets. The first stage provides the initial thrust to lift the rocket off the ground, while the subsequent stages provide additional propulsion to achieve the desired altitude or trajectory. The uppermost stage contains the payload and scientific instruments, which are protected by a protective fairing during ascent.

Sounding rockets are launched from specialized launch facilities or mobile launchers, typically located in remote areas away from populated areas and sensitive equipment. These launch sites provide a controlled environment for safe launch operations and ensure the rocket's trajectory is clear of any obstructions.

One of the key advantages of sounding rockets is their relatively low cost compared to orbital rockets. They offer a more affordable option for conducting scientific experiments in space or the upper atmosphere without the need for a full-scale orbital mission. Additionally, sounding rockets allow for rapid turnaround times, enabling scientists to gather data and make adjustments to experiments more quickly.