A monopsony market is a type of market structure in which there is only one buyer, but multiple sellers. In contrast to a monopoly, which involves a single seller and many buyers, a monopsony occurs when a single entity or buyer has substantial control over the demand for a particular product or service within a specific market. This gives the monopsonist significant market power and can influence prices and terms of trade to its advantage.

In a monopsony, the lone buyer can exert its market power in several ways. It can negotiate lower prices with suppliers since they have limited alternative buyers. This can lead to reduced prices for the buyer but may also result in lower incomes or profits for the suppliers. Additionally, the monopsonist may set quantity restrictions, affecting the quantity of goods or services purchased from suppliers.

Monopsonies can emerge in various industries and sectors, including labor markets where a single employer dominates, agricultural markets where a large food retailer controls the purchases of produce, and even in the procurement of goods and services by government entities.

Monopsony power is often associated with concerns about market inefficiency, reduced competition, and potentially negative impacts on suppliers. It can lead to lower wages for workers and reduced innovation among suppliers due to limited competition. As a result, government regulations and antitrust measures may be implemented to mitigate the negative consequences of monopsony power and promote fair competition within markets.